## "The build succeeded — so why won't it run?" — Identify 90% of the cause from a single error line Plenty of people land on this post after `mvn package` or `gradle build` finished green locally, only to hit this log the moment they run it on a server or in a container: ```text Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsupportedClassVersionError: com/example/App has been compiled by a more recent version of the Java Runtime (class file version 61.0), this version of the Java Runtime only recognizes class file versions up to 55.0 ``` Bottom line: this error occurs **only when the JDK used to compile is newer than the JRE that is running**. The reverse (compile with an older JDK, run on a newer one) is backward-compatible and is not a problem. The moment you see this error, the cause is already narrowed to one thing. > **Decision rule: compile version > runtime version → this error, always.** The answer is already in the error message. `class file version 61.0` means this class was **compiled with Java 17**, and `up to 55.0` means the runtime currently executing it only understands **up to Java 11**. Look up those two numbers in the table and you are done. Follow the steps below in order and most cases recover in 3–5 minutes. ## 30-second diagnosis: reverse-map class file version numbers to JDK versions Start by finding the two numbers from the error in the table below. The `major version` rule is **Java 1.1 is 45.0, then +1 for each subsequent major version**. | class file version | JDK(Java) version | Release type | |--------------------|-------------------|--------------| | 52.0 | Java 8 | LTS | | 53.0 | Java 9 | — | | 54.0 | Java 10 | — | | 55.0 | Java 11 | LTS | | 56.0 | Java 12 | — | | 57.0 | Java 13 | — | | 58.0 | Java 14 | — | | 59.0 | Java 15 | — | | 60.0 | Java 16 | — | | 61.0 | Java 17 | LTS | | 62.0 | Java 18 | — | | 63.0 | Java 19 | — | | 64.0 | Java 20 | — | | 65.0 | Java 21 | LTS | Plug the example error (`61.0` vs `55.0`) into the table and you get **code compiled with Java 17 running on a Java 11 runtime**. This collision has surged especially as Spring Boot 3.x made Java 17 the minimum requirement. ### Check the running runtime ```bash java -version ``` Example of a healthy Java 11 runtime: ```text openjdk version "11.0.22" 2024-01-16 OpenJDK Runtime Environment Temurin-11.0.22+7 OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Temurin-11.0.22+7 ``` Here `11.0.22` is the runtime version. It matches the error's `55.0` (Java 11). ### Check the compiled class file version To confirm what a `.class` file was actually compiled with, use `javap`. ```bash javap -verbose com/example/App.class | grep "major version" ``` Example of a healthy output: ```text major version: 61 ``` If you see `61`, Java 17 compilation is confirmed. Compare the two numbers from the table (`compile 61 > runtime 55`) and diagnosis is done. ### Check what is inside the JAR You can tell which JDK built a deployed JAR from the manifest. ```bash unzip -p app.jar META-INF/MANIFEST.MF ``` Example output: ```text Manifest-Version: 1.0 Build-Jdk-Spec: 17 Build-Jdk: 17.0.10+7 Created-By: Maven JAR Plugin 3.4.1 ``` If `Build-Jdk` is 17 and the server's `java -version` is 11, the answer is already decided. Now you only need to choose **what to fix**. There are two options: - **Raise the runtime** (server/container JRE to at least the compile version) - **Lower the build target** (compile to match the runtime) If production is pinned to a specific version, lower the build target. If you are migrating to a newer version, raising the runtime is the better move. ## Align the build target: copy-paste Maven / Gradle settings ### Maven — use release instead of source/target Add this single line under `` in `pom.xml`. ```xml 17 ``` The older style used two lines: ```xml 17 17 ``` `release` is preferred because **it also aligns the boot classpath**. Specifying only `source`/`target` matches the language level and bytecode version, but the compiler can still reference the latest APIs of the build JDK, leaving a risk of `NoSuchMethodError` on older runtimes. `release` compiles with the `javac --release` flag so only that version's API signatures are exposed, cutting off this trap at the source. ### Gradle — use toolchain (Kotlin DSL) ```kotlin java { toolchain { languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(17) } } ``` Groovy DSL: ```groovy java { toolchain { languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(17) } } ``` The old style looks like this: ```groovy sourceCompatibility = '17' targetCompatibility = '17' ``` The decisive difference: | Item | sourceCompatibility | toolchain | |------|--------------------|-----------| | Meaning | Sets language/bytecode level only | Pins the **JDK itself** used to compile | | Build JDK dependency | Tied to the JDK that runs Gradle | Auto-downloads/discovers if missing | | Team reproducibility | Low (varies by each developer's JDK) | High (same JDK for everyone) | `sourceCompatibility` cannot prevent "Gradle running on Java 21 with target 17." You can still incorrectly reference newer APIs in that case. **toolchain pins the compiler JDK itself**, so the whole team gets identical results. If local JDKs are mixed across developers during a Java 17→21 transition, toolchain is essentially mandatory. ## Catch environment-specific traps: when multiple JDKs are installed If you aligned the build settings and it still reproduces, the likely problem is **which JDK is actually selected**. ### macOS — list installed JDKs and switch ```bash /usr/libexec/java_home -V ``` Example output: ```text Matching Java Virtual Machines (2): 21.0.2 (arm64) "Eclipse Adoptium" - "OpenJDK 21.0.2" 17.0.10 (arm64) "Eclipse Adoptium" - "OpenJDK 17.0.10" ``` Pin `JAVA_HOME` to a specific version: ```bash export JAVA_HOME=$(/usr/libexec/java_home -v 17) java -version # confirm it switched to 17 ``` ### Linux — update-alternatives ```bash sudo update-alternatives --config java ``` Pick the number you want at the prompt. Note this only changes `java` (the runtime). **`javac` used for compilation is separate**, so align that too: ```bash sudo update-alternatives --config javac ``` To change only the current shell session, setting `JAVA_HOME` directly is safer. ```bash export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/temurin-17-jdk-amd64 export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH ``` ### Windows — check which java is picked up ```powershell where java ``` If multiple paths appear, **the top path is the java that actually runs**. Clean up `JAVA_HOME` and the system `Path` to the JDK you want. This gets especially tangled on machines with temurin, Corretto, and Oracle JDK all installed. ## Docker trap: build is 21, runtime is 17 This is the most common production reproduction. Local or CI builds with Java 21, but the runtime image is 17-jre. ```dockerfile # ❌ mismatch — build 21, runtime 17 FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jdk AS build WORKDIR /app COPY . . RUN ./gradlew bootJar FROM eclipse-temurin:17-jre # ← this is the problem COPY --from=build /app/build/libs/app.jar app.jar ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"] ``` Running this image produces a `class file version 65.0` (Java 21) vs `up to 61.0` (Java 17) error. Always match the major versions of the build stage and the runtime stage. ```dockerfile # ✅ match — build and runtime both 21 FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jdk AS build WORKDIR /app COPY . . RUN ./gradlew bootJar FROM eclipse-temurin:21-jre COPY --from=build /app/build/libs/app.jar app.jar ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"] ``` If you cannot raise the runtime image (e.g. ops policy pins 17-jre), lower the build stage and the Gradle toolchain to 17 instead. **Unifying on one of the two** is the key. ## Align IntelliJ: all three places must match If it only reproduces in the IDE, or IDE runs differ from terminal builds, check these three IntelliJ settings. A mismatch in any one of them will reproduce the symptom. 1. **Project Structure → Project → SDK / Language level** The default JDK and language level the project uses to compile. 2. **Settings → Build, Execution, Deployment → Build Tools → Gradle → Gradle JVM** The JVM used when running Gradle tasks. If this is 21 and Project SDK is 17, CLI builds will differ. 3. **Settings → Build Tools → Maven → Runner → JRE** (Maven projects) The JDK used to run Maven. The three exist separately because IntelliJ manages "IDE compile," "build-tool execution," and "project default" independently. When in doubt, **unify all three to the same version** — that is the safest option. ## 3-line checklist to keep it from breaking again + team standardization Minimum checklist after recovery to prevent recurrence: 1. **Declare the build target**: pin the JDK in code with Maven `maven.compiler.release` or Gradle `toolchain`. 2. **Match Docker build/runtime versions**: same major version on the multi-stage build and runtime images. 3. **Verify the runtime environment**: before deploy, compare `java -version` (runtime) ↔ `Build-Jdk` (JAR). For team standardization, enable auto-download provisioning on the Gradle toolchain, or pin the JDK version in the repo with a file like `.sdkmanrc` (SDKMAN). Unifying mixed temurin/Corretto setups at the repository level cuts down "works on my machine" version collisions a lot. During a Java 17→21 LTS transition, also pin the build JDK in the CI pipeline explicitly. For exact mapping values and current distribution policy, check the official sources (Oracle JVM Specification `The class File Format`, Eclipse Temurin Docker tag docs). ## FAQ **Q. What Java version is class file version 61.0, exactly?** A. Java 17. major version starts at 45 for Java 1.1 and increments by 1 each version, so 61 = 45 + 16 = Java 17. 65.0 is Java 21. **Q. I cannot raise the runtime. Is compiling to a lower version enough?** A. Usually yes. Set Maven `maven.compiler.release` or the Gradle toolchain to the runtime version or below. However, if you already use Java 17+ syntax (records, sealed classes, etc.) or newer APIs, compilation itself will fail and you will need to change the code. **Q. `mvn compile` works, but running fails. Why?** A. The JDK used to build and the JRE used to run are different. Compare `java -version` (runtime) with the JAR's `Build-Jdk` (compile side). If the compile number is larger, that is the cause.

#Gradle toolchain

UnsupportedClassVersionError 30-Second Diagnosis & Recovery Runbook (class file 61.0)