Complete Guide to Building a Production Kubernetes Cluster

Production K8s vs. Development Environments

Running Kubernetes in production is a completely different problem from local Minikube. You need to consider high availability, security, monitoring, and cost optimization.

Managed vs. Self-Managed

Approach	Pros	Cons	Recommended for
EKS/GKE/AKS	No control plane management	Cost, vendor lock-in	Most organizations
kubeadm	Full control	High operational overhead	On-premises
k3s	Lightweight, edge-friendly	Limited features	IoT, small-scale

Node Group Design

YAML

nodeGroups:
  - name: system
    instanceType: m5.large
    desiredCapacity: 3
    minSize: 3
    maxSize: 5

  - name: app-general
    instanceType: c5.2xlarge
    desiredCapacity: 3
    minSize: 2
    maxSize: 20
    spot: true  # 비용 절감

Pod Anti-Affinity (High Availability)

YAML

affinity:
  podAntiAffinity:
    requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
    - labelSelector:
        matchLabels:
          app: my-app
      topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
topologySpreadConstraints:
- maxSkew: 1
  topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone
  whenUnsatisfiable: DoNotSchedule

PodDisruptionBudget

YAML

apiVersion: policy/v1
kind: PodDisruptionBudget
metadata:
  name: my-app-pdb
spec:
  minAvailable: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: my-app

Resource Settings (Required)

YAML

resources:
  requests:
    cpu: "250m"
    memory: "256Mi"
  limits:
    cpu: "500m"
    memory: "512Mi"

Always set requests and limits. Without them, noisy-neighbor issues can take down an entire node.

Security Hardening

YAML

securityContext:
  runAsNonRoot: true
  runAsUser: 1000
  fsGroup: 2000
containers:
- name: app
  securityContext:
    allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
    readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
    capabilities:
      drop: ["ALL"]

Monitoring Stack

Bash

helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts
helm install monitoring prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack \
  --namespace monitoring --create-namespace

Essential alerts: node CPU > 80%, memory > 85%, Pod restarts > 5/hour, PVC utilization > 80%

The core of production Kubernetes operations is automation. Build a self-healing environment with HPA, Cluster Autoscaler, and GitOps.

References: Official Documentation

The primary source for the behavior, configuration, and errors covered in this post is the official documentation below. Check there for version-specific options and exact behavior.

Kubernetes Official Documentation

확인 정보

#Kubernetes #컨테이너 #클러스터운영 #DevOps

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